Science : A Blessing Or A Curse

The way another contrivance is utilized makes it great or awful. The same is the situation with Science. Science plays an exceptionally essential and suitable part in our life and might be a companion or an adversary as per the way it is utilized.

A significant part of the advancement that humankind has made in diverse fields right from the Stone Age to the Up to date Age is because of the advancement made in the field of Science. Not just material advancement and yet the mental viewpoint of man has been impacted by it. It has made man's life more satisfied and more agreeable.

Science is at the foundation of all advancement. It tries to demonstrate the standards behind common phenomena, and researchers for long have been saddling this information for the profit of the social order all in all. The provision of exploratory looks into has ended up being a favoring in a bigger number of routes than one, on the grounds that we have procured compensates in essentially all fields of life. Extraordinary strokes of genius of researchers have made the on the whole living less demanding and more agreeable.

Agribusiness, business, transport, correspondence and drug, to name yet a couple of, are everything exceptionally obliged to the marvels Science has handled. Today, the planet has experienced a gigantic change due to the quick strides made by Science and Engineering. Therapeutic Science has made incredible strides and today, we can trust for a longer and healthier life. New novelties and revelations have not just assisted in killing feared illnesses like smallpox, T.b., yellow fever, and so on., from the substance of the earth, and yet expanded future of people.

Science has been utilized quite viably as a part of enhancing agrarian preparation. The nourishment generation levels and quality have enhanced by various elements for example soil examination, half breed mixtures of products giving higher yield, fertilisers, pesticides, propelled instruments and apparatus, and so forth. Today, we have scores of meteorological satellites in space sending information, pictures to earth stations assisting horticulture researchers find and examine soil designs and in this way increment crop yield.

Power is one of the most fantastic considers of present day Science. It has gotten revolutionary updates the way individuals used to exist. In addition, the revelation and improvement of countless sources—coal, petroleum, regular gas, power, and so forth., have empowered mankind to prevail over the boundaries of nature. This stuff has expedited the development of quick modes of transport and correspondence, which in transform has updated the planet into a worldwide village.

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My Best Friend - my companion for life!

There is an idea that fellowship and individuality are the two dichotomous states, correspondingly inseparable constituents of human life. Added to it is the indisputable reality that the person who finds constructive and sincere companion is around the exact few lucky ones. All delights, compensates and riches are momentary and temporary when put to test in a rivalry with the unceasing and eminent jollity.

The cheer, rapture and blessedness of the everlasting bond of accurate kinship, is contemporaneously describable as odd and inseparable. Contrasted with companionship, gold is earth. William Program once put this ethereal feeling into his statements. How uncommon is that blaze of minute when we acknowledge we have revealed a companion. Without a doubt, without a particle of mistrust, developing correct and extraordinary kinship in life (that finally withstands even the hardest and the most antagonistic test of time) increases the exceptional and partitions the disasters.

Without companions, it is like life on a forsook island. As one logician composed numerous hundreds of years back, There is nothing on the planet more significant than companionship. Those who oust it from their lives uproot sort of the sun from the earth, due to all natures endowments, it is the most lovely and the most satisfying. To discover a legitimate companion in a lifetime is favorable luck; to keep him is a favoring. To my psyche, Robin Sharma puts it all the more apropos and suitably, An individual with three incredible companions is a rich individual in fact.

On the other hand so far as that is concerned, recognize the renowned worldwide axiom of Samuel Johnson, Accurate delight comprises not in the incomprehensible number of companions, yet in their worth and decision. It is, on the other hand, a matter of sheer incident that I have three companions, whom I expect so dear to remember my heart that statements might everlastingly remain lacking to depict their essentialness in my life. An accurate companion is like a four-leaf clover: difficult to find however fortunate to have. Aristotle resplendent statements go like this Kinship is a solitary soul residence in two bodies. And rightly in this way, my soul or my life, abides in the aforementioned three companions of mine.

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Is China a threat, or we just overthinking?

Recently, in wake of a border dispute, the Sino-Indian relationships are again under scanner. These two powerful neighbors of Asia always have had a checkered relationship. Both countries are equipped with nuclear weapons, have large and well-equipped armies at their behests and, except one major conflict in the 1960s, there had been no major untoward events to report. Although, there are quite a few causes of continuing disagreement, like Indian discontent on Chinese support to Pakistan, or Chinese discontent on India’s role in the South China Sea, yet, overall the relationship parameters have been ‘balanced’.

The general understandings between these two militarily powerful nations of Asia are peaceful and aimed at promoting an environment of mutual financial and strategic ties. The financial equation deserves special mention. The two countries facilitated $66.4 billion worth of trade in 2012. Recently a mutual agreement was signed between the responsible authorities of the two countries, aiming at a momentous $100 billion trade by 2015. India and China are also two of the important members of the new financial coalition, BRICS.
Let us have a look at the reasons why China ‘may’ possess a threat. The main issue with China is its abruptness and unpredictability of actions. Take the current border dispute for example.

Suddenly the Indian side discovers Chinese troops claiming their position, ‘apparently’ in the Indian side of the border! Chinese officials insist that there has been no trespassing and Indian officers confirm that the region where the ‘trespassing and settling soldier camps’ is a disputed region. Does the presence of a disputed region mean Chinese troops can occupy and set up camps in the region? When it is disputed, it should not belong to either country! The Chinese logic apparently seems, “let India think it is disputed, we know that this land belongs to us.”

Diplomats are busy finding the answer, whereas, both countries have thought it befit to put their respective armies on high alert and strengthen the forces at the controversial Depsang area in the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian boundary. The Chinese action was abrupt, but well planned, and still now no signs show that the Chinese army intends to budge from their camps. In case, China refuses to retreat, India’s possible alternatives remains unclear. We can only guess at the high voltage diplomatic drama within the corridors of the Indian Government and the Chinese Government. 
 
The CCP governs the Chinese democracy with an iron hand, which is evident from the heavy censoring and regulation of internet in China. Even in this age of information, China completely controls the information flow to the world via the internet. Criticisms of Government policies online are under strict limits imposed by the CCP, and any violations are met with severity. China passed a law in 2007 that bans Tibetan Buddhist monks from reincarnation! China’s obsession with territory acquisition can be surmised from the fact that lakhs of Tibetans received refuge in India and other parts of the world when China ascertained control over Tibet. Many Tibetan monks have since given life by self-immolation, without having any effect on China’s policy over Tibet. (In fact, the fact that India houses the Tibetan exile Government at Dharamshala, may be one of the ulterior motives behind Chinese aggression.) These references go on to imply that the Chinese government is a very strict one, and Indian diplomats would find it tough to come in terms with Chinese aggression, and work out a solution.

China is not yet a ‘threat’ ‘per se’, but possesses the willingness and the potential to be one.

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Indian Government- White Paper has grey areas !!

The government’s White Paper on black money falls far short of desires in so far as it has none of these revealed any names of foreign account holders, nor has it thought of an assessment of the measure of slush subsidizes stashed away in foreign banks.

Actually it has headed off to the degree of playing down the hazard of black money by handing out statistics to show that the cash held by Indians in secret Swiss Bank accounts has came down sharply. This was just to be needed, as the government's tardy action is certain to have given account holders enough chance to shift base.

All things considered, the White Paper has incorporated undermining in its ambit and proposed more stringent punishment for tax and duty evaders and those convicted under the Prevention of Corruption Act which is a welcome suggestion.

Then again, the paper has left numerous grey areas, for example its proposal to permit amnesty from prosecution to those who are ready to carry their cash from tax havens. While it states that this might be an one-time alternative, it too raises the issues of the ethical risk and open sentiment this might involve, in this manner winding up unable to take a positive stand on the subject.

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This will help the students "One nation one test"

The Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs) have their path in the change "one nation one test" proposal for the Joint Entrance Examination( JEE) for engineering colleges, the bargain equation has the benefit of diminishing the numerous tests that a hefty number of learners went up against in attempting to get a desired seat in a engineering college. The truly major grow from the new system is the weightage that will be given to the Class XII Board examination.

This will go far in diminishing the impact of the pack schools that "prepare" scholars to break the JEE and guarantee that people don't overlook the essentialness of the school leaving examinations, as numerous have in reality, been doing lately. The IITs have devised a workable plan to get their route in demanding that they will select their participants through their particular technique. Now, they have stated that they might be ready to recognize gripping the accurate "one nation one test' equation in the event that it works well by 2015.

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Minimum Number of State Variables - control systems

The order of the differential equation describing the system is equal to the minimum number required. The three simultaneous first-order differential equations are required along with three state variables, if the third order third-order differential equation describes the system. The order of the differential equation is the order of the denominator of the transfer function after canceling the common factors in the numerator and denominator, from the perspective of the transfer function.

In most of the cases, to determine the number of state variables through another way is to count the number of independent energy-storage elements in the system. the order of the differential equation and the number of state variables is equal to the number of these energy-storage elements.

In many cases it is also possible to complete the writing of the state equations, as the derivatives of the state variables cannot be expressed as the linear combinations of the reduced number of state variables. Even if we select the minimum number of state variables, it will not be linear independent, so we will be not able to solve all the other system variables. In addition, the worst part of it will be that we will not be able to complete the writing of the state equations. Often there are more than the than the minimum number of state variables are included in the state vector then the requirement.

Here, the two possible cases exist. Often the state variables are chosen to be the Physical variables of a system; such as position and velocity in the mechanical system. The possibility of these cases to be arising is where these variables although linearly independent are decoupled. In order to solve for any of the other linearly independent variables or any other dependent system variable, some linearly independent variables are not required. In the case of the mass and viscous damper whose differential equation is M dv/dt + Dv = f(t), and where v is the velocity of the mass. One state equation   is required to define this system in the state space with velocity as the state variable, as it is a first order equation. In addition, as there is only one energy-storage element, mass, there is a requirement of only one state variable to represent this system in state space. However, the mass has an associated position, which is linearly independent of velocity.
In order to include the position in the state vector along with the velocity, we just have to add the position as a state variable that is linearly independent of the other state variable, velocity. In the Figure 3.4 it has been illustrated fully what is happening.

The first block is the transfer function which is equivalent to M dv{t) / dt + Dv(t) = f(t) whereas the second block shows that we integrate the output velocity to yield the output displacement. Therefore, for the displacement as an output, the denominator, or characteristic equation, has to be increased in order to 2, the product of the two transfer functions. Many times, by including additional state variables, the writing of the state equations is simplified.

In another case, when the added variable is not linearly independent of the other members of the state vector, the size of the state vector arises. This event is resulted when the variable is selected as a state variable but in addition, its dependence on the other state variable is not immediately apparent.
For an example, in order to select the state variables the energy-storage elements may be used and it may be hard to recognize the dependence of the variable associated with one energy-storage element on the variables of other energy storage elements. Therefore, the system matrix’s dimension is unnecessarily increased and the solution for the state vector is more difficult.

Now, we find the state-space representation for a mechanical system. It is more convenient for us to work with the mechanical systems in order to obtain the state equations directly from the equations of motion rather than from the energy storage elements. For an example, consider an energy-storage element such as a spring, where F = Kx. The derivative of a physical variable as in the case of electrical networks, where i = C dv/dt for capacitors, and v = L di/dt for inductors is not included in this relationship. Therefore, in the mechanical system, we change our selection of the state variables to be the position and velocity of each point of the linearly independent motion.

In this example, there are three energy storage elements and there will be four state variables too. An additional linearly independent state variable is also included for the convenience of writing the state equations.  It is left on the students to show how the system yields a fourth-order transfer function, if we relate the displacement of either mass to the applied force, and a third-order transfer function if we relate the velocity of either mass to the applied force.

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Brace for safer roads in India with speed limiting devices!

With the ongoing activities police and speed cameras are unable to check the extreme tendencies of Indian drivers, the powers have now turned to another result: speed-limiting devices. The GPS-based technology, which might be incorporated in the autos by the makers, would automatically avert a car from breaking speed limit points by slicing fuel to the motor.

Any endeavors to tamper the device might trigger a 'default mode' compelling the vehicle to run at frustratingly moderate speeds. The road transport and interstate ministry has been testing the device, granted that it will need freedom from the law ministry after the proposal might be brought about.

With statistics demonstrating that India has the most deaths because of vehicular collisions globally, it appears reasonable to make the most of existing innovation to handle this issue. Acknowledging the hazard of over-speeding averts one third of all mishap deaths —and the way that neglectful drivers imperil not just themselves yet everyone else around —an innovation such as this could wind up significantly upgrading the security of our roads.

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Crime scenario in Delhi - A cause for serious concern!

The scenario that the criminals indicated when they made off with more than Rs 5 crore from a van carrying cash for ATMs 2-3 days back states a thing or two about the law and order situation in the capital. Happen as it did in the rich Defence Colony region in expansive sunshine after the thieves had shot at a security guard going hand in hand with the money van, it indicates at the disdain, offenders harbour for the law.

Indeed, the spate of law violations that the national capital has seen lately is explanation behind the powers to take a re-look at their wrongdoing avoidance techniques.

From gang rape and vindicate murdering to men going ahead on a shooting spree and murder that has left the police clueless, April 2013 has received it all. That this is part of a climbing movement and not an one-off spurt comes to be obvious from the wrongdoing statistics which uncover that the first three months of not long from now have viewed more major occurrences than did the whole 2012.

While its accurate that wrongdoing can't be dispensed with completely in a city such as Delhi, the police have decidedly been considered needing on a few fronts. As highlighted, illicit and nation made weapons have overwhelmed the city. Additionally, beat policing and night watching leaves a considerable measure to be fancied.

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The Diamond Lattice: Structure of Diamond

Introduction:

The basic crystal structure for many important semiconductors is the fee lattice with a basis of two atoms, giving rise to the diamond structure, characteristic of Si, Ge, and C in the diamond form.

The Diamond Lattice:

• In many compound semiconductor atoms are arranged in a basic diamond structure, but are different on alternating sites. This is called a zinc blende structure and is typical of the III-V compounds.
• One of the simplest ways of stating the construction of the diamond structure is the following:

The diamond structure can be thought of as an fee lattice with an extra atom placed at a/4 + b/4 + c/4 from each of the fcc atoms.

• The construction of a diamond lattice from an fee unit cell. We notice that when the vectors are drawn with components one-fourth of the cube edge in each direction, only four additional points within the same unit cell are reached.
• Vectors drawn from any of the other fee atoms simply determine corresponding points in adjacent unit cells.
• This method of constructing the diamond lattice implies that the original fee has associated with it a second interpenetrating fcc displaced, by 1/4, 1/4, 1/4.
• The two interpenetrating fee sublattices can be visualized by looking down on the unit cell of Fig.(a) from the top (or along any (100) direction).
• In the top view of Fig. (b), atoms belonging to the original fee are represented by open circles, and the interpenetrating sublattice is shaded.
• If the atoms are all similar, we call this structure a diamond lattice; if the atoms differ on alternating sites, it is a zinc blende structure.
• For example, if one fee sublattice is composed of Ga atoms and the interpenetrating sublattice is As, the zinc blende structure of GaAs results.
• Most of the compound semiconductors have this type of lattice, although some of the II-VI compounds are arranged in a slightly different structure called the wurtzite lattice.
• We shall see here to the diamond and zinc blende structures, since they are typical of most of the commonly used semiconductors.
• A particularly interesting and useful feature of the III-V compounds is the ability to vary the mixture of elements on each of the two interpenetrating fcc sublattices of the zinc blende crystal.
• For example, in the ternary compound AlGaAs, it is possible to vary the composition of the ternary alloy by choosing the fraction of Al or Ga atoms on the column III sublattice.
• It is common to represent the composition by assigning subscripts to the various elements.
• For example, Al_xGa_1-xAs  refers to a ternary alloy in which the column III sublattice in the zinc blende structure contains a fraction x of Al atoms and 1-x of Ga atoms.
• The composition Al_0.3Ga_0.7As has 30 percent Al and 70 percent Ga on the column III sites, with the interpenetrating column V sublattice occupied entirely by As atoms.
• It is extremely useful to be able to grow ternary aUoy crystals such as this with a given composition.
• For the Al_xGa_1-xAs example we can grow crystals over the entire composition range from x = 0 to x = 1, thus varying the electronic and optical properties of the material from that of GaAs (x = 0) to that of AlAs (x = l).
• To vary the properties even further, it is possible to grow four-element (quaternary) compounds such as In_xGa_1-xASP_1-y having a very wide range of properties.

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Zener Breakdown Characteristics

Normally, a PN junction’s reverse-bias blocking action allows a small 'leakage' current to flow. However, if an adequately large reverse-bias is applied, the type of junction phenomena that developsand dominate the leakage current, allows much larger reverse-bias currents.
This 'breakdown' part of the diode characteristichere refers to 'breakdown'which implies that some other phenomenon are overshadowing of the semiconductor junction behavior and not to a destructive effect.
Although all diodes display reverse-bias breakdown phenomenon,Zener diodes, in particular, are specifically manufactured for operating in the breakdown condition with guaranteed specifications. During manufacturing, breakdown parameters of these Zener (or voltage reference) diodes get special processing attention.
Two discrete phenomena, that acts individually or concurrently depending on details of the diode, is involved in the breakdown. The first mechanism is associated with the acceleration of carriers across the strong junction electric field. If the kinetic energy that is gained by an accelerated carrier isadequately great, it can result in additional impurity atom ionization when collides with the atom. Then, each additional carrier is also accelerated and result is some more additional ionization; which grows exponentially. This is known as the ‘avalanche effect’, called so, as it resembles the initiation of a massive snow slide by a trivial snowball.
The second mechanism that is known as quantum mechanical effect is rather difficult to describe by any of the familiar analogies. Quantum mechanics foretells that there is a possibility of aunprompted crossing of a semiconductor junction by carriers that are subjected to a strong electric field. This is known as the ‘tunnel effect’; because it is not
related to ordinary mechanics, however, it was suggested frivolously that some metaphysical tunnel existed through which carriers traveled out of ordinary sight in some manner.
These breakdown characteristics for the two phenomena are not exactly identical but they are close enough, in general. Thus, while designing circuits, the distinction between these two otherwise different phenomenon’s may be largely ignored.  The Zener effect was originally used for the quantum mechanical phenomena but the label Zener diode is applied universally,irrespective of the details of the breakdown mechanism.
To the left, an illustration of breakdown characteristic is drawn; and the scale is exaggerated for better clarity. The specified 'test' current I_ZT flows as specified by the manufacturer at nominal Zener reference voltage of the diode i.e. is the reverse-bias voltage, and it typically represents rated maximum diode current. In general,Zener voltage is a modest function of temperature.A more definite representative temperature specification is 0.1 % change every °C change.
For a diode with a reference voltage below 5 volts, coefficient is negative; otherwise it is positive. (This is associated with the dominance of one of the two phenomena that produces same terminal breakdown characteristics.)
The inverse of the slope of the diode characteristic (at the test point) is known as the 'dynamic resistance' of the diode. This parameter is noted in the manufacturers' specifications. The slope of the characteristic does not greatly vary for currents ranging (roughly) between 0.1 I_ZT and I_ZT, i.e. the usual range of operation of a Zener diode.
The inevitability of operation above the knee, i.e., in the breakdown region conditions the minimum usable current and so also the wish to generally avoid rapid change of slope in the closeproximity of the knee.
NOTE:-
"Either or both breakdown mechanisms may be present in a 'Zener' diode. The avalanche mechanism dominates at low doping levels and higher voltages, while at heavy doping levels and lower voltages, the Zener mechanism dominates.
Y At a certain doping level and around 6 V for Si, both mechanisms are present and there, the temperature coefficients just cancel.  It is also possible to create Zener diodes with very small temperature coefficients Y.

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An intrinsic semiconductor is a perfect semiconductor!!

An intrinsic semiconductor is a perfect semiconductor crystal with no impurities or lattice defects. There are no charge carriers at 0 K, in such materials, since the valence band is filled with electrons and the conduction band is empty. Electron-hole pairs are generated at higher temperatures as valence band electrons are excited thermally across the band gap to the conduction band. The only charge carriers in intrinsic material are these EHPs.
Intrinsic Material:
Visualizing the generation of EHPs in a quantitative way by considering the breaking of covalent bonds in the crystal lattice as shown in figure given below
If one of the Si valence  electrons is broken away from its position in the bonding structure is a way that it becomes free to move in the lattice, a conduction electron is created and a broken bond is left behind.
To break the bond the energy required the bond is the band gap energy Eg.
The physical mechanism of EHP creation is evaluated by visualizing, but the energy band model is more productive for the purpose of quantitative calculation.
Difficulty with the broken bond model is that the free electron and the hole appear deceptively localized in the lattice.
The position of the free electron and the hole actually are spread out all over several lattice spacing and should be considered quantum mechanically by the probability distribution.
Since the electron and holes are created in pairs, the conduction band electron concentration n(electron per cm³)is equivalent to the concentration of holes in the valence band p (holes per cm³).
These intrinsic carrier concentrations are commonly referred to as ni.
There must be recombination of EHPs at the same rate at which they are generated, if a steady state carrier concentration is maintained.
When an electron in the conduction band makes a transition to an empty state in the valence band, recombination occurs, therefore annihilating the pair.
If we denote the generation rate of EHPs as g_i (EHP/cm³-s) and the recombination rate as r_i, equilibrium requires that, these rates are temperature dependent. For instance I (T) increases when the temperature is raised, and a new carrier concentration ni is established in a way that is higher recombination rate r_i(T) just balances generation.
We can predict at any temperature that the rate of recombination of electron and hole r_i is proportional to the equilibrium concentration of electrons n0 and the concentration of holes p₀
The factor α_r is a constant proportionality which depends on the particular mechanism by which recombination takes place.

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Luminescence- Property of Light Emission!!

Introduction:
When carriers are excited to higher impurity levels from which they fall to their respective equilibriumstates or when electron-hole pairs are produced in a semiconductor,the material gives off light. Many semiconductors are ideal for light emission phenomenon, for instance, the compoundsemiconductors which have direct band gaps. Generally, this property of light emission is referred to as luminescence.

Types of the luminescence:
There are three main types of the luminescence:

• Photoluminescence
• Cathodoluminescence
• Electroluminescence

Overall, these can be categorized or subdivided on the basis of their excitation mechanism:
Photoluminescence:
If carriers absorb photons to get excited, the resulting radiationfrom such recombination of excited carriers is referred to as photoluminescence.
Cathodoluminescence:
If bombardment of the material with high-energy electron generates the excited carriers, the mechanism is referred to ascathodoluminescence.
Electroluminescence:
If current is introduced in the sample, excitation occurs which generates luminescence that is referred to as electroluminescence.

• Electrical energy can be made use of in several ways in order to stimulate photon emission in a solid.

• In LED’s, an electric current stimulates the injection of minority carriers into those areas of crystal where they can recombine with majority carriers, resulting in the emission of recombination radiation.

• The electroluminescent effect was first observed in the form of emission of photons by some phosphors in an alternating electric field (i.e. the Destriau effect).

• In this device, ZnSi.e. a phosphor powder is held in a binding material (i.e. often a plastic) that has high dielectric constant.

• On applying a-c electric field, phosphor gives off light.

• Despite of the fact that their efficiency for most of the applications and reliability is poor, such cells can be useful as lighting panels.

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Design Procedure- Advanced Control System

1. By applying second-order approximation, the closed-loop bandwidth is determined i.e. required to meet the requirements of settling time, peak time, or rise time.
2. The gain, K, is set to the value that is required by the steady-state error specification.
3. Then, the Bode magnitude and phase diagrams for this gain value are plotted.
4. By applying second-order approximation, the phase margin is calculated to meet the damping ratio or the requirements of percent overshoot.
5. A new phase-margin frequency near ωBW is selected.
6. At the new phase-margin frequency, the additional amount of phase lead required to meet the phase-margin requirement is determined. Then, a small contribution is added that will be required after the lag compensator is added.
7. The lag compensator is designed by opting for higher break frequency one decade below the new phase-margin frequency. The lag compensator design is not critical, and any of the proper phase margin design will be demoted to the lead compensator. The lag compensator provides stability to the system with the gain needed for the steady-state error specification. The value of Ã‰Â£ from the lead compensator's requisites is found. By using the phase required from the lead compensator, the phase response curve of the Figure can be used to determine the value of É£ = 1/β. This value, and the previously found lag's upper break frequency, permits us to determine the lag's lower break frequency.
8. The lead compensator is designed. Using y value from the lag compensator design and that assumed for the new phase-margin frequency, the lower and upper break frequency for the lead compensator is found, after solving for T.
9. The bandwidth is to be checked to be ascertained that the speed requirement given in Step 1 is met.
10. Redesign it, if transient or phase-margin specifications are not met, as revealed by simulation or analysis.

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Improving Steady-State Error

There are multiple uses of the compensators, like it is used to improve the transient response of the system. The compensator can also be used to improve the steady state error characteristics. The steady-state error performance is deteriorated, when the system gain was adjusted to meet the transient response specification, since the transient response as well as the static error constant is related to the gain. With the high gain and the small steady state error, we will have the large percent overshoot. On the other hand, the steady state error increases with the reduced gain to reduced overshoot.

The compensating networks can be designed if we use the dynamic compensators that will allow us to meet transient and steady-state error specifications. Now, there is no need to compromise between the transient response and the steady state error as long as the system operates in its linear range.  Now, the next step is to the system type and driving the associated steady state error to zero. At the origin this additional pole requires integration for its realization. With the addition of the differentiation the transient response and the steady state error are improved with the addition of integration in the forward path.

Configurations

In this chapter, two configurations of compensation are covered; the cascade compensation and the feedback compensation. In the Figure 1 these methods are modeled. The compensating network, G1(s), with the cascade compensation, it is placed at the low power End of the forward path in cascade with the plant. The compensator, H1(s) is placed in the feedback path, if the feedback compensation is used. By using the both methods, the open loop poles and zeros are changed, thereby creating a new root locus that goes through the desired closed-loop pole location.

Compensators

The ideal compensators are those compensators that use the pure integration for improving steady-state error or pure differentiation for improving transient response. It is very necessary that the ideal compensators must be implanted with the active networks. In the case of electric networks, the additional power sources and the use of amplifiers can be used.   It is an advantage of it that steady state error is reduced to zero with the ideal compensators. For improving the transient response the electromechanical ideal compensators can be used since they can be conveniently interfaced with the plant.

Other design techniques that preclude the use of active devices for compensation can be adopted. These compensators do not use pure integration and differentiation and are not ideal compensators, which can be implemented with passive elements such as resistors and capacitors. The steady-state error is not driven to zero in cases where ideal compensators yield zero error; it is its greatest advantage. Therefore, the choice between an active or a passive compensator revolves around cost, weight, desired performance, transfer function, and the interface between the Compensator and other hardware.

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Shameful incidents in Gurgaon - yet again!!

The stunning episode reported from a night club in Gurgaon in which a man crushed a drink flask on a lady's head highlights vital parts of our social and social life.

The way that this happened in a city that has been known for its pubs and night life recommends that its society has altered to a degree since the Hooda Govt. came to power in Haryana. Few will overlook that episode of 2012 in which VHP goons had whipped youthful men and ladies at a parlor bar in Noida.

But there is more than meets the eye to this event, since similar incidents have been reported from nearby areas, including the national capital and the Noida region.

What such cases make clear is the disdain that anti-social components nurture for the law, in particular those who are overall joined, as appears the case in Gurgaon.

At a deeper level, the episode is a remark on our patriarchal society where a lady at a night club still gets looked down upon, with men feeling allowed to bring emancipation s with her, as happened in the Gurgaon night club. It too highlights our flop to develop a legitimate drinking society in which firewater is not viewed as a license for misbehavior or wrongdoing.

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Go easy with mobile phones

THE World Health Organisation (WHO) has sounded an alert over likely growth hazard from lifelong-utilization of remote telephones. Its verdict was past due and definitely expected.

Given the way that almost five billion individuals internationally—over 800 million of them in India — utilize a cellular telephone, the cautioning has wide consequences. Be that as it may, we should note that there is no decisive evidence of wireless radiation creating mind tumor over the lifelong in light of the fact that the telephones have not been around for long enough, nor has the WHO quantified the danger yet. This methods more exploration is wanted on the issue.

Still, there is need for alert over cell telephone utilize especially by pregnant ladies, kids and junior mature people who are progressively getting dependent on remote gizmos.

We can't bear to hold up for a considerable length of time to check if cerebrum disease to be sure gets an open health issue. Rather than staying in a disavowal mode, much like the tobacco business, the telecom business might as well act capably, taking steps to lessen discharge threats and heartening reasonable utilization of its features.

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Ban tobacco products NOW!

THE legislature of India seems, by all accounts, to be unaffected by the situation of the lakhs of Indians who contract oral disease each year because of the utilization of tobacco and gutka, doing small to boycott their deal.

Far from doing in this way, the legislature has been dawdling even on compelling associations to issue unequivocal pictorial warnings on the spreads of different tobacco features.

The Incomparable Court's boycott on the utilization of plastic sachets for the bargain of tobacco features —however generally-intentioned —cannot address the primary issue. It is bizarre that notwithstanding accurately watching that vinyl tar is hurtful both to nature's domain and the strength of the individuals, the peak court could not drive home the focus that the items in themselves are tragic for human health.

The letter composed by growth patient Rahul Bharadwaj to the Head administrator, Health Serve, the UPA administrator and the National Human Rights Requisition powerfully depicts the destruction that tobacco wreaks on the lives of people.

Better late than never that those at the top acknowledged that the damage created by tobacco features to publicly accepted norms all in all far exceeds the monetary contemplations that are refered to contradict their denial.

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Oil price rise - a major worry for India

OIL costs have surged to over $ 125 for every barrel, the largest amounts viewed in more than over two years. This is troublesome for India, nearing as it does when swelling has begun to show a slight drop.

There are additionally certain evidences of development easing off. A surge in raw petroleum costs at this stage is prone to send expansion up by and by, and further effect development.

There are no clear explanations behind the present upsurge, since the disturbances in oil supply brought about by the unrest in Libya and Tunisia don't elucidate even a large part of the abundance limit ready with Saudi Arabia distant from everyone else.

On the other hand, the oil business sector is unmistakably assembling in a generous hazard premium into the cost. Provided that the drift endures, standing by the subsidy on diesel —petrol costs are as of recently deregulated —may get unlikely, since we import 70 for every penny of our rough.

This has worrisome suggestions for all divisions, incorporating horticulture. Separated from cost decontrol, the legislature ought to genuinely check out interest administration to hold the vigor import bill under wraps.

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Bihar teachers - its the quality that counts!

THE powerlessness of a shockingly imposing number of teachers in Bihar to clear the suitability test by the state's human asset office uncovered a much greater disquietude in the twang in general.

The millions of Indians who hold degrees and are able for various businesses, anyhow on paper, as a general rule need even fundamental aptitudes.

A later study directed by FICCI uncovered that well over a third of every last one of graduates are actually unemployable. Especially grim is the situation of building graduates, where the same number as 75 for every penny of specialized and 85 for every penny of general graduates fail to offer the aptitudes required for vocation —in this manner blasting the meander of the thriving number of building foundations over the nation.

The state, hence, should be a great deal more proactive in following the nature of instructive foundations, and the uninvolved-methodology being emulated by forms like the All India Board of Specialized Training and National Gathering of Instructor Training should change.

In the event that the way that numerous teachers in Bihar could not answer 5th standard inquiries doesn't serve as a wake-up call, then what will? The lifelong-results of a training framework which processes degree holders who wind up being unemployed or underemployed will be awful, most definitely.

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Superman goes global!

SUPERMAN has chosen to gather what ought to be his correct character —that of a worldwide subject. Nonetheless, a guest from an inaccessible planet who has gigantic physical powers, Superman is not by any stretch of the imagination even human, so why would it be a good idea for him to be an American? The United States was his property of reception, however now, decidedly, the man of steel has made up for lost time with the globalised times. In today's planet, it is not straightforward to do great without causes being traced to you, so it was inescapable that his movements were frequently perceived as being affected by American remote strategy.

In this way, Superman has chosen that he should formally repudiate his American citizenship.

To assume the war against terrorists, free the universe of atomic weapons, carry peace to warring countries, all need a non-fanatic approach from the most compelling man on earth.

Recognizable proof with the US would just diminish that way and Superman's rise as a worldwide subject is welcome and it will do an extraordinary bargain to fortify the United Countries and advertise the notion of worldwide administration.

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Tribals still a neglected lot in our country

THE Union service for tribal issues has a considerable measure to respond in due order regarding over the terrible execution of midway sponsored plans, especially the Woodland Rights Demonstration of 2006.

A parliamentary council headed by Bahujan Samaj Party pioneer Dara Singh Chauhan has rightly censured the service, which has had the ability to appropriate arrive titles on just a bit over one-fourth of the cases indexed under the Woods Rights Act. Further testimony to the service's wastefulness is that the budgetary designation of Rs 3,205.50 crore for 2009-10 remained vastly unspent and must be diminished to Rs 2,000 crore.

Consistent with a later overview directed by the National Rainfed Range Power, the Timberland Rights Act was being abused to expedite infringement of woodland land by the area mafia in numerous parts of the nation.

The defective execution of the Woodland Rights Act and the greater flop of the state to give welfare to the tribal neighborhoods furnish the foundation for the ascent of the Maoist insurrection in India's tribal heartland.

The service must acknowledge the earnestness of the issue, as opposed to pass the buck to state administrations. Its proceeded washout will just further disintegrate the honesty of the state and demonstrate a shot in the arm for the Maoists.

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Gurgaon! Please apply your mind!!

FRIDAY'S long queues on the Gurgaon Road brought on by a trek of `1 in the toll assessment were an outline of how sufficient foresight does not go into rendering of open utilities in this nation.

Firstly, the way that the toll rate had been climbed was not publicized fine implied that suburbanites were not primed with change while paying the charge. Numerous additionally engaged in contentions with the toll authorities, accelerating an enormous heap-up of vehicles on either side of the toll square.

Second, the connecting of toll rate update with the Wholesale Value List is an enormously tricky one, since its change sees the charge build by minor groups of ` 1 or ` 1.50. It might make much more sense to have rate climbs in entire-ties of ` 5 or ` 10, however over a longer time compass.

The association operating the freeway states it is supplied with enough minor change to turn away a repeat of the perplexity saw on Friday, however there is great motivation to revoke the trek in the event that the queues hold on in the nearing days.

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India needs to look at newer energy sources for the future

INDIA WILL have to increase its energy basket, work towards sufficient power generation, cut down on wastage and save the environment to cope with the increased energy demands in the near future, experts have warned. “ At last count, 40 per cent of the households were not connected to the grid or had any access to electricity,” noted Chandra Bhushan, deputy director of the Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi. “ Energy affordability will be a big issue. We need to supply electricity at an affordable price, so we don’t have the option of forgoing any of the energy sources,” Bhushan said.

Coal, hydel and gas will make up the base as sources of energy as they are the cheapest. Next up are the more expensive wind, nuclear and solar energy sources, added Bhushan. “ We should be investing in off- shore and on- shore wind generators.” Himanshu Thakkar, director of the South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People based at New Delhi said: “ If providing electricity to those who do not have access to it is our objective, then big hydro projects are not useful.” There are better options like mini- hydel and off- grid hybrid systems involving renewables. Thakkar suggested optimising power generation from the capacities which have already been created. “ For instance, we are not even assessing the peaking power generation from hydro- electric projects,” he noted.

Prof. R. V. G. Menon, former head of the Agency for Non- Conventional Energy and Rural Technology based in Thiruvananthapuram offered another solution — pumping back the run- off water during non- peak hours to the dam reservoir to cater to the peak demand later. Solar power could also be used for this process, he said.

Prof. S Rajagopalan, a policyexpert at the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore, pointed out that the unit cost to deliver renewable energy is still high, and small producers cannot easily sell power. “ We need to have smart systems like the internet that can accommodate small and big players,” he pointed out.

40 per cent

of households in the country had no access to electricity at last count. Experts say that energy affordability will be a big issue in the future. We don’t have the option of forgoing any of the energy sources.

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Reality check on Pak ties post kasab hanging

THE day-long confinement of a driver in the Pakistan Elevated Requisition in New Delhi who was found lingering in a denied territory at the Chandigarh airfield and the Pakistani choice to confine an Indian agent in Islamabad even after the preceding was discharged, demonstrates that it is the usual way things work for the security offices of the two nations.

To underscore this Union Home Serve P. Chidambaram has offered a rude awakening on what is being called the Mohali spirit, supposedly unleashed by the gathering between the PMs of India and Pakistan at the sidelines of the India-Pakistan semi-last match there.

He stated that nothing had been conveyed yet by route of examination into the 26/ 11 ambush. In spite of the fact that he termed the later home secretary level talks as positive, he did focus out that the Pakistani responsibility to permit an Indian crew to visit Pakistan to gather proof remained a guarantee starting now.

Head administrator Manmohan Singh might have deftly looked to prod the India-Pakistan peace program through some cricketing tact, yet any genuine development in the relations between the two nations will rely on issues of substance.

Furthermore for most Indians, authorities or generally, the requirement to apply a conclusion to the Mumbai assault is matchless. At the same time two years and increasingly after the ambush, India has accepted practically no assistance from Pakistan on the examinations.

In opposition to wants in Islamabad, India is unrealistic to disregard and forget. That is what the perpetrators of the Mumbai assault needed, and that is what they got.

Right away, the decision is after the Pakistani stronghold. They can overlook the Indian estimations on this issue and permit relations to proceed the way they are. Alternately, they can follow the substantive issues identifying with terrorism and change not only India-Pakistan ties, however the fate of their own nation.

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The age of the Internet

ALL those who have been born in a popular government, likely accept that the right of unhindered discourse is their bequest. However, we all realize that it is a right which our progenitors needed to go to battle on behalf of. Maybe in times to come we will start to consider access and utilization of the Web, too, as a fundamental right.

This is what the man credited with designing the internet, Sir Tim Berners-Lee needs. While there is an exceptional case for the capacity of administrations to anticipate the abuse of the net by terrorists, paedophile systems and fraudsters, the right to protection of the normal native is a unquestionable requirement.

All things considered, only on the grounds that houses might be utilized by terrorists does not imply that the administration can commission television Polaroids to screen the exercises of its inhabitants constantly.

We're all directly attentive to the numerous courses in which the Web engages us—regarding conveyance and qualified data that assists us in our social relationships, training and vocation. That is the degree to which it dis-enables those who don't have access to the Web.

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Literacy in India a cause for cheer!

OF the markers tossed up by the temporary Statistics figures discharged as of late, the one relating to the proficiency rate is the most encouraging. India's education rate has headed off up to 74.01 for every penny in the final decade from 64.83 for every penny in the previous decade.

All the additionally guaranteeing is the decrease in the male-female proficiency crevice which stands at a unsurpassed level of 16.7 rate focuses —the decade saw, as a first and foremost, more ladies than men being added to the record of literates in the nation.

The education figures additionally make it clear that India's for the most part exhibition presses on to be dragged around its most crowded states however it must be commented that some of them have demonstrated important change in the course of the final decade. For example, Bihar's education rate has gone up from 47 for every penny to 63.8 for every penny, with the female education rate hopping from 33.1 for every penny to 53.3 for every penny.

On the flip side, gave us a chance to recollect that the figure of 74 for every penny education is more than 10 rate indicates underneath the Arranging Requisition's focus of 85 for every penny for the decade.

That being a part of the third planet is no reason for not doing fine is clear from the instance of neighbouring Sri Lanka, which has 91 for every penny proficiency.

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West is messing up Libya

THE state of issues in Libya appears to be a right imperial mess. In the wake of propelling towards Sirte, the revolutionaries are in retreat soon after the strengths of Colonel Muammar Gadhafi.

The essential purpose behind this is the North Altantic Bargain Organisation's dithering on the issue of supporting the radicals who are a ragtag unorganised pack equipped with weapons seized from the Colonel's armouries who can hardly stand soon after the customary military strengths confronting them.

Unmistakably, the Western nations are to accuse for this state of issues. When looking for the UN order, the western partners may as well have had a clear thought of what politico-key endstate they were looking for in the nation. The United States which advanced the shelling fight now needs to let the Europeans take the lead.

The Europeans are, under the most favorable conditions, pusillanimous and confounded. Their sort of particular military intercession will adequately parcel the nation. A disenchanted Colonel Gadhafi in Tripoli could see him come back to his awful old courses of supporting terrorism. The net washouts could well be the US and the Europeans.

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Census figures a wake up call for India as a nation

THE preliminary Statistics figures discharged recently are a foundation for caution and in addition trust.

Just those who set undue store by the demographic allotment will challenge the view that the expansion of 181 million in our populace in the 2001-11 period —identical to number of inhabitants in Brazil which is practically thrice our size —is unsustainable.

We now have more than 1.21 billion individuals in India, elucidating 17.5 for every penny of the planet's populace. The silver covering here is that the rate of development in populace has eased off to 17.5 for every penny from 21.5 for every penny in the past decade, with the most crowded states indicating a critical succumb to this front.

As much foundation for concern is the horrifying tyke sex proportion of 914 females for each 1000 guys, making it the most skewed figure in this classification since Autonomy.

This makes it clear that despite our financial development, the laws we have instituted against female parricide and the plans launched by administrations to ensure and nurture the young lady kid, she presses on to be victimized prior and then afterward life commencement.

That this is more an inquiry of a patriarchal mentality than material conditions is obvious from the instances of Punjab and Haryana, near the more prosperous states in India. The tyke sex proportion is the most skewed in the aforementioned two states, being 830 and 846 for Punjab and Haryana, separately. It is maybe not a happenstance that the aforementioned states are frequently in the news for medieval criminal practices like " honor' killings.

There is definitely a ground for root for the education front, with the figure setting off up to 74.04 for every penny from 64.83 for every penny in the past decade yet the Evaluation figures in general are explanation behind some course redress on part of the strategy creators and contemplation by the citizenry.

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Sachin Tendulkar - the 41 year 'young' enigma!

What can we possibly write more on the man who symbolizes cricket in India? He is the only answer most Indian cricket fans would give on asked what is cricket. His insurmountable records in both the one day and test versions of the game, stands tall, distinguishing him from other cricketers all over the world. His records include the longest ODI carrier and the most number of runs in this format of the game. He is also the highest scorer of runs in the test format of the game. At 41, he still actively plays in the test format, and the relatively recent T20 format of the game. (Only recently, he announced his retirement from the ODI format of the game). He has been felicitated numerous times, and the legendary Don Bradman himself acknowledged Sachin as one of the greatest cricketers he has seen.

His perpetual youthfulness and boyish charm defines him, and at the age of 41, he explains cricket as his life. Millions in India actually pray to him as ‘God’, also a favorite coinage of many commentator fans of Sachin, like Ravi Shastri. Sachin has had an illustrious career, but not without the harsh criticism of skeptics and cricket commentators who are not Sachin fans. In fact, even in this decade of cricketing overuse, Sachin still holds a very dear place in the hearts of millions of fans, who found their hero in Sachin and have devoted their lives to be proud of Sachin and his service to the Nation.

(Yes, you read that right. This is an era of cricketing overuse). Gone are the days when cricket used to be a lively seasonal sport, preferably played in winter. Cricket smelled money, a lot of money, and is now a huge money-churning machine beside merely a sport. Cricket matches are perceived as high profile corporate events nowadays, with the barrage of advertisements, corporate logos, and, everything else that make cricket a perfect business. It’s a business that is close to the heart of millions of fans in India, because, Sachin Tendulkar single handedly made advertising of various products as easy as his smooth straight drives on the playing field. The relationship between cricket and corporate has worked wonderfully to the best of both parties.

The greatness of Sachin Tendulkar achievements is not only evident in the numbers he has gathered, but from the fact that he has been the senior most pioneer to blend the advertising industry and the sport of cricket. He set benchmarks both in the field as a cricketer and both off the field as a successful promoter of various products. He has shown what balanced success actually feels like from the perspective of a modern cricketer. Many young cricketers set both Sachin’s batting records and his advertising revenues as benchmarks for them to achieve. He has been a mentor of many young cricketers, sharing valuable tips of the game with them from his vast experience. He has been the lifesaver of many matches and has become the heartbeat of many young Indians, for whom, Sachin is a mythical legend still at his best.

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